// MarionetteJS (Backbone.Marionette)
// ----------------------------------
// v1.8.8
//
// Copyright (c)2014 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
// Distributed under MIT license
//
// http://marionettejs.com

(function (root, factory) {
  if (typeof exports === 'object') {

    var underscore = require('underscore');
    var backbone = require('backbone');
    var wreqr = require('backbone.wreqr');
    var babysitter = require('backbone.babysitter');

    module.exports = factory(underscore, backbone, wreqr, babysitter);

  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {

    define(['underscore', 'backbone', 'backbone.wreqr', 'backbone.babysitter'], factory);

  }
}(this, function (_, Backbone) {

  var Marionette = (function(global, Backbone, _){
    "use strict";
  
    // Define and export the Marionette namespace
    var Marionette = {};
    Backbone.Marionette = Marionette;
  
    // Get the DOM manipulator for later use
    Marionette.$ = Backbone.$;
  
  // Helpers
  // -------
  
  // For slicing `arguments` in functions
  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
  
  function throwError(message, name) {
    var error = new Error(message);
    error.name = name || 'Error';
    throw error;
  }
  
  // Marionette.extend
  // -----------------
  
  // Borrow the Backbone `extend` method so we can use it as needed
  Marionette.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;
  
  // Marionette.getOption
  // --------------------
  
  // Retrieve an object, function or other value from a target
  // object or its `options`, with `options` taking precedence.
  Marionette.getOption = function(target, optionName){
    if (!target || !optionName){ return; }
    var value;
  
    if (target.options && (optionName in target.options) && (target.options[optionName] !== undefined)){
      value = target.options[optionName];
    } else {
      value = target[optionName];
    }
  
    return value;
  };
  
  // Marionette.normalizeMethods
  // ----------------------
  
  // Pass in a mapping of events => functions or function names
  // and return a mapping of events => functions
  Marionette.normalizeMethods = function(hash) {
    var normalizedHash = {}, method;
    _.each(hash, function(fn, name) {
      method = fn;
      if (!_.isFunction(method)) {
        method = this[method];
      }
      if (!method) {
        return;
      }
      normalizedHash[name] = method;
    }, this);
    return normalizedHash;
  };
  
  
  // allows for the use of the @ui. syntax within
  // a given key for triggers and events
  // swaps the @ui with the associated selector
  Marionette.normalizeUIKeys = function(hash, ui) {
    if (typeof(hash) === "undefined") {
      return;
    }
  
    _.each(_.keys(hash), function(v) {
      var pattern = /@ui.[a-zA-Z_$0-9]*/g;
      if (v.match(pattern)) {
        hash[v.replace(pattern, function(r) {
          return ui[r.slice(4)];
        })] = hash[v];
        delete hash[v];
      }
    });
  
    return hash;
  };
  
  // Mix in methods from Underscore, for iteration, and other
  // collection related features.
  // Borrowing this code from Backbone.Collection:
  // http://backbonejs.org/docs/backbone.html#section-106
  Marionette.actAsCollection = function(object, listProperty) {
    var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'find', 'detect', 'filter',
      'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include',
      'contains', 'invoke', 'toArray', 'first', 'initial', 'rest',
      'last', 'without', 'isEmpty', 'pluck'];
  
    _.each(methods, function(method) {
      object[method] = function() {
        var list = _.values(_.result(this, listProperty));
        var args = [list].concat(_.toArray(arguments));
        return _[method].apply(_, args);
      };
    });
  };
  
  // Trigger an event and/or a corresponding method name. Examples:
  //
  // `this.triggerMethod("foo")` will trigger the "foo" event and
  // call the "onFoo" method.
  //
  // `this.triggerMethod("foo:bar")` will trigger the "foo:bar" event and
  // call the "onFooBar" method.
  Marionette.triggerMethod = (function(){
  
    // split the event name on the ":"
    var splitter = /(^|:)(\w)/gi;
  
    // take the event section ("section1:section2:section3")
    // and turn it in to uppercase name
    function getEventName(match, prefix, eventName) {
      return eventName.toUpperCase();
    }
  
    // actual triggerMethod implementation
    var triggerMethod = function(event) {
      // get the method name from the event name
      var methodName = 'on' + event.replace(splitter, getEventName);
      var method = this[methodName];
  
      // trigger the event, if a trigger method exists
      if(_.isFunction(this.trigger)) {
        this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
      }
  
      // call the onMethodName if it exists
      if (_.isFunction(method)) {
        // pass all arguments, except the event name
        return method.apply(this, _.tail(arguments));
      }
    };
  
    return triggerMethod;
  })();
  
  // DOMRefresh
  // ----------
  //
  // Monitor a view's state, and after it has been rendered and shown
  // in the DOM, trigger a "dom:refresh" event every time it is
  // re-rendered.
  
  Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh = (function(documentElement){
    // track when the view has been shown in the DOM,
    // using a Marionette.Region (or by other means of triggering "show")
    function handleShow(view){
      view._isShown = true;
      triggerDOMRefresh(view);
    }
  
    // track when the view has been rendered
    function handleRender(view){
      view._isRendered = true;
      triggerDOMRefresh(view);
    }
  
    // Trigger the "dom:refresh" event and corresponding "onDomRefresh" method
    function triggerDOMRefresh(view){
      if (view._isShown && view._isRendered && isInDOM(view)){
        if (_.isFunction(view.triggerMethod)){
          view.triggerMethod("dom:refresh");
        }
      }
    }
  
    function isInDOM(view) {
      return documentElement.contains(view.el);
    }
  
    // Export public API
    return function(view){
      view.listenTo(view, "show", function(){
        handleShow(view);
      });
  
      view.listenTo(view, "render", function(){
        handleRender(view);
      });
    };
  })(document.documentElement);
  
  
  // Marionette.bindEntityEvents & unbindEntityEvents
  // ---------------------------
  //
  // These methods are used to bind/unbind a backbone "entity" (collection/model)
  // to methods on a target object.
  //
  // The first parameter, `target`, must have a `listenTo` method from the
  // EventBinder object.
  //
  // The second parameter is the entity (Backbone.Model or Backbone.Collection)
  // to bind the events from.
  //
  // The third parameter is a hash of { "event:name": "eventHandler" }
  // configuration. Multiple handlers can be separated by a space. A
  // function can be supplied instead of a string handler name.
  
  (function(Marionette){
    "use strict";
  
    // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
    // handler names on the target object
    function bindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods){
      var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);
  
      _.each(methodNames, function(methodName) {
  
        var method = target[methodName];
        if(!method) {
          throwError("Method '"+ methodName +"' was configured as an event handler, but does not exist.");
        }
  
        target.listenTo(entity, evt, method);
      });
    }
  
    // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
    function bindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method){
        target.listenTo(entity, evt, method);
    }
  
    // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
    // handler names on the target object
    function unbindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods){
      var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);
  
      _.each(methodNames, function(methodName) {
        var method = target[methodName];
        target.stopListening(entity, evt, method);
      });
    }
  
    // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
    function unbindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method){
        target.stopListening(entity, evt, method);
    }
  
  
    // generic looping function
    function iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, functionCallback, stringCallback){
      if (!entity || !bindings) { return; }
  
      // allow the bindings to be a function
      if (_.isFunction(bindings)){
        bindings = bindings.call(target);
      }
  
      // iterate the bindings and bind them
      _.each(bindings, function(methods, evt){
  
        // allow for a function as the handler,
        // or a list of event names as a string
        if (_.isFunction(methods)){
          functionCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
        } else {
          stringCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
        }
  
      });
    }
  
    // Export Public API
    Marionette.bindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings){
      iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, bindToFunction, bindFromStrings);
    };
  
    Marionette.unbindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings){
      iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, unbindToFunction, unbindFromStrings);
    };
  
  })(Marionette);
  
  
  // Callbacks
  // ---------
  
  // A simple way of managing a collection of callbacks
  // and executing them at a later point in time, using jQuery's
  // `Deferred` object.
  Marionette.Callbacks = function(){
    this._deferred = Marionette.$.Deferred();
    this._callbacks = [];
  };
  
  _.extend(Marionette.Callbacks.prototype, {
  
    // Add a callback to be executed. Callbacks added here are
    // guaranteed to execute, even if they are added after the
    // `run` method is called.
    add: function(callback, contextOverride){
      this._callbacks.push({cb: callback, ctx: contextOverride});
  
      this._deferred.done(function(context, options){
        if (contextOverride){ context = contextOverride; }
        callback.call(context, options);
      });
    },
  
    // Run all registered callbacks with the context specified.
    // Additional callbacks can be added after this has been run
    // and they will still be executed.
    run: function(options, context){
      this._deferred.resolve(context, options);
    },
  
    // Resets the list of callbacks to be run, allowing the same list
    // to be run multiple times - whenever the `run` method is called.
    reset: function(){
      var callbacks = this._callbacks;
      this._deferred = Marionette.$.Deferred();
      this._callbacks = [];
  
      _.each(callbacks, function(cb){
        this.add(cb.cb, cb.ctx);
      }, this);
    }
  });
  
  // Marionette Controller
  // ---------------------
  //
  // A multi-purpose object to use as a controller for
  // modules and routers, and as a mediator for workflow
  // and coordination of other objects, views, and more.
  Marionette.Controller = function(options){
    this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
    this.options = options || {};
  
    if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)){
      this.initialize(this.options);
    }
  };
  
  Marionette.Controller.extend = Marionette.extend;
  
  // Controller Methods
  // --------------
  
  // Ensure it can trigger events with Backbone.Events
  _.extend(Marionette.Controller.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
    close: function(){
      this.stopListening();
      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
      this.triggerMethod.apply(this, ["close"].concat(args));
      this.off();
    }
  });
  
  // Region
  // ------
  //
  // Manage the visual regions of your composite application. See
  // http://lostechies.com/derickbailey/2011/12/12/composite-js-apps-regions-and-region-managers/
  
  Marionette.Region = function(options){
    this.options = options || {};
    this.el = Marionette.getOption(this, "el");
  
    if (!this.el){
      throwError("An 'el' must be specified for a region.", "NoElError");
    }
  
    if (this.initialize){
      var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
      this.initialize.apply(this, args);
    }
  };
  
  
  // Region Type methods
  // -------------------
  
  _.extend(Marionette.Region, {
  
    // Build an instance of a region by passing in a configuration object
    // and a default region type to use if none is specified in the config.
    //
    // The config object should either be a string as a jQuery DOM selector,
    // a Region type directly, or an object literal that specifies both
    // a selector and regionType:
    //
    // ```js
    // {
    //   selector: "#foo",
    //   regionType: MyCustomRegion
    // }
    // ```
    //
    buildRegion: function(regionConfig, defaultRegionType){
      var regionIsString = _.isString(regionConfig);
      var regionSelectorIsString = _.isString(regionConfig.selector);
      var regionTypeIsUndefined = _.isUndefined(regionConfig.regionType);
      var regionIsType = _.isFunction(regionConfig);
  
      if (!regionIsType && !regionIsString && !regionSelectorIsString) {
        throwError("Region must be specified as a Region type, a selector string or an object with selector property");
      }
  
      var selector, RegionType;
  
      // get the selector for the region
  
      if (regionIsString) {
        selector = regionConfig;
      }
  
      if (regionConfig.selector) {
        selector = regionConfig.selector;
        delete regionConfig.selector;
      }
  
      // get the type for the region
  
      if (regionIsType){
        RegionType = regionConfig;
      }
  
      if (!regionIsType && regionTypeIsUndefined) {
        RegionType = defaultRegionType;
      }
  
      if (regionConfig.regionType) {
        RegionType = regionConfig.regionType;
        delete regionConfig.regionType;
      }
  
      if (regionIsString || regionIsType) {
        regionConfig = {};
      }
  
      regionConfig.el = selector;
  
      // build the region instance
      var region = new RegionType(regionConfig);
  
      // override the `getEl` function if we have a parentEl
      // this must be overridden to ensure the selector is found
      // on the first use of the region. if we try to assign the
      // region's `el` to `parentEl.find(selector)` in the object
      // literal to build the region, the element will not be
      // guaranteed to be in the DOM already, and will cause problems
      if (regionConfig.parentEl){
        region.getEl = function(selector) {
          var parentEl = regionConfig.parentEl;
          if (_.isFunction(parentEl)){
            parentEl = parentEl();
          }
          return parentEl.find(selector);
        };
      }
  
      return region;
    }
  
  });
  
  // Region Instance Methods
  // -----------------------
  
  _.extend(Marionette.Region.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
  
    // Displays a backbone view instance inside of the region.
    // Handles calling the `render` method for you. Reads content
    // directly from the `el` attribute. Also calls an optional
    // `onShow` and `close` method on your view, just after showing
    // or just before closing the view, respectively.
    // The `preventClose` option can be used to prevent a view from being destroyed on show.
    show: function(view, options){
      this.ensureEl();
  
      var showOptions = options || {};
      var isViewClosed = view.isClosed || _.isUndefined(view.$el);
      var isDifferentView = view !== this.currentView;
      var preventClose =  !!showOptions.preventClose;
  
      // only close the view if we don't want to preventClose and the view is different
      var _shouldCloseView = !preventClose && isDifferentView;
  
      if (_shouldCloseView) {
        this.close();
      }
  
      view.render();
      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "before:show", view);
  
      if (_.isFunction(view.triggerMethod)) {
        view.triggerMethod("before:show");
      } else {
        Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "before:show");
      }
  
      if (isDifferentView || isViewClosed) {
        this.open(view);
      }
  
      this.currentView = view;
  
      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "show", view);
  
      if (_.isFunction(view.triggerMethod)) {
        view.triggerMethod("show");
      } else {
        Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "show");
      }
  
      return this;
    },
  
    ensureEl: function(){
      if (!this.$el || this.$el.length === 0){
        this.$el = this.getEl(this.el);
      }
    },
  
    // Override this method to change how the region finds the
    // DOM element that it manages. Return a jQuery selector object.
    getEl: function(selector){
      return Marionette.$(selector);
    },
  
    // Override this method to change how the new view is
    // appended to the `$el` that the region is managing
    open: function(view){
      this.$el.empty().append(view.el);
    },
  
    // Close the current view, if there is one. If there is no
    // current view, it does nothing and returns immediately.
    close: function(){
      var view = this.currentView;
      if (!view || view.isClosed){ return; }
  
      // call 'close' or 'remove', depending on which is found
      if (view.close) { view.close(); }
      else if (view.remove) { view.remove(); }
  
      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "close", view);
  
      delete this.currentView;
    },
  
    // Attach an existing view to the region. This
    // will not call `render` or `onShow` for the new view,
    // and will not replace the current HTML for the `el`
    // of the region.
    attachView: function(view){
      this.currentView = view;
    },
  
    // Reset the region by closing any existing view and
    // clearing out the cached `$el`. The next time a view
    // is shown via this region, the region will re-query the
    // DOM for the region's `el`.
    reset: function(){
      this.close();
      delete this.$el;
    }
  });
  
  // Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
  Marionette.Region.extend = Marionette.extend;
  
  // Marionette.RegionManager
  // ------------------------
  //
  // Manage one or more related `Marionette.Region` objects.
  Marionette.RegionManager = (function(Marionette){
  
    var RegionManager = Marionette.Controller.extend({
      constructor: function(options){
        this._regions = {};
        Marionette.Controller.prototype.constructor.call(this, options);
      },
  
      // Add multiple regions using an object literal, where
      // each key becomes the region name, and each value is
      // the region definition.
      addRegions: function(regionDefinitions, defaults){
        var regions = {};
  
        _.each(regionDefinitions, function(definition, name){
          if (_.isString(definition)){
            definition = { selector: definition };
          }
  
          if (definition.selector){
            definition = _.defaults({}, definition, defaults);
          }
  
          var region = this.addRegion(name, definition);
          regions[name] = region;
        }, this);
  
        return regions;
      },
  
      // Add an individual region to the region manager,
      // and return the region instance
      addRegion: function(name, definition){
        var region;
  
        var isObject = _.isObject(definition);
        var isString = _.isString(definition);
        var hasSelector = !!definition.selector;
  
        if (isString || (isObject && hasSelector)){
          region = Marionette.Region.buildRegion(definition, Marionette.Region);
        } else if (_.isFunction(definition)){
          region = Marionette.Region.buildRegion(definition, Marionette.Region);
        } else {
          region = definition;
        }
  
        this._store(name, region);
        this.triggerMethod("region:add", name, region);
        return region;
      },
  
      // Get a region by name
      get: function(name){
        return this._regions[name];
      },
  
      // Remove a region by name
      removeRegion: function(name){
        var region = this._regions[name];
        this._remove(name, region);
      },
  
      // Close all regions in the region manager, and
      // remove them
      removeRegions: function(){
        _.each(this._regions, function(region, name){
          this._remove(name, region);
        }, this);
      },
  
      // Close all regions in the region manager, but
      // leave them attached
      closeRegions: function(){
        _.each(this._regions, function(region, name){
          region.close();
        }, this);
      },
  
      // Close all regions and shut down the region
      // manager entirely
      close: function(){
        this.removeRegions();
        Marionette.Controller.prototype.close.apply(this, arguments);
      },
  
      // internal method to store regions
      _store: function(name, region){
        this._regions[name] = region;
        this._setLength();
      },
  
      // internal method to remove a region
      _remove: function(name, region){
        region.close();
        region.stopListening();
        delete this._regions[name];
        this._setLength();
        this.triggerMethod("region:remove", name, region);
      },
  
      // set the number of regions current held
      _setLength: function(){
        this.length = _.size(this._regions);
      }
  
    });
  
    Marionette.actAsCollection(RegionManager.prototype, '_regions');
  
    return RegionManager;
  })(Marionette);
  
  
  // Template Cache
  // --------------
  
  // Manage templates stored in `<script>` blocks,
  // caching them for faster access.
  Marionette.TemplateCache = function(templateId){
    this.templateId = templateId;
  };
  
  // TemplateCache object-level methods. Manage the template
  // caches from these method calls instead of creating
  // your own TemplateCache instances
  _.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache, {
    templateCaches: {},
  
    // Get the specified template by id. Either
    // retrieves the cached version, or loads it
    // from the DOM.
    get: function(templateId){
      var cachedTemplate = this.templateCaches[templateId];
  
      if (!cachedTemplate){
        cachedTemplate = new Marionette.TemplateCache(templateId);
        this.templateCaches[templateId] = cachedTemplate;
      }
  
      return cachedTemplate.load();
    },
  
    // Clear templates from the cache. If no arguments
    // are specified, clears all templates:
    // `clear()`
    //
    // If arguments are specified, clears each of the
    // specified templates from the cache:
    // `clear("#t1", "#t2", "...")`
    clear: function(){
      var i;
      var args = slice.call(arguments);
      var length = args.length;
  
      if (length > 0){
        for(i=0; i<length; i++){
          delete this.templateCaches[args[i]];
        }
      } else {
        this.templateCaches = {};
      }
    }
  });
  
  // TemplateCache instance methods, allowing each
  // template cache object to manage its own state
  // and know whether or not it has been loaded
  _.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache.prototype, {
  
    // Internal method to load the template
    load: function(){
      // Guard clause to prevent loading this template more than once
      if (this.compiledTemplate){
        return this.compiledTemplate;
      }
  
      // Load the template and compile it
      var template = this.loadTemplate(this.templateId);
      this.compiledTemplate = this.compileTemplate(template);
  
      return this.compiledTemplate;
    },
  
    // Load a template from the DOM, by default. Override
    // this method to provide your own template retrieval
    // For asynchronous loading with AMD/RequireJS, consider
    // using a template-loader plugin as described here:
    // https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.marionette/wiki/Using-marionette-with-requirejs
    loadTemplate: function(templateId){
      var template = Marionette.$(templateId).html();
  
      if (!template || template.length === 0){
        throwError("Could not find template: '" + templateId + "'", "NoTemplateError");
      }
  
      return template;
    },
  
    // Pre-compile the template before caching it. Override
    // this method if you do not need to pre-compile a template
    // (JST / RequireJS for example) or if you want to change
    // the template engine used (Handebars, etc).
    compileTemplate: function(rawTemplate){
      return _.template(rawTemplate);
    }
  });
  
  // Renderer
  // --------
  
  // Render a template with data by passing in the template
  // selector and the data to render.
  Marionette.Renderer = {
  
    // Render a template with data. The `template` parameter is
    // passed to the `TemplateCache` object to retrieve the
    // template function. Override this method to provide your own
    // custom rendering and template handling for all of Marionette.
    render: function(template, data){
  
      if (!template) {
        throwError("Cannot render the template since it's false, null or undefined.", "TemplateNotFoundError");
      }
  
      var templateFunc;
      if (typeof template === "function"){
        templateFunc = template;
      } else {
        templateFunc = Marionette.TemplateCache.get(template);
      }
  
      return templateFunc(data);
    }
  };
  
  
  // Marionette.View
  // ---------------
  
  // The core view type that other Marionette views extend from.
  Marionette.View = Backbone.View.extend({
  
    constructor: function(options){
      _.bindAll(this, "render");
  
      // this exposes view options to the view initializer
      // this is a backfill since backbone removed the assignment
      // of this.options
      // at some point however this may be removed
      this.options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), _.isFunction(options) ? options.call(this) : options);
  
      // parses out the @ui DSL for events
      this.events = this.normalizeUIKeys(_.result(this, 'events'));
  
      if (_.isObject(this.behaviors)) {
        new Marionette.Behaviors(this);
      }
  
      Backbone.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
  
      Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh(this);
      this.listenTo(this, "show", this.onShowCalled);
    },
  
    // import the "triggerMethod" to trigger events with corresponding
    // methods if the method exists
    triggerMethod: Marionette.triggerMethod,
  
    // Imports the "normalizeMethods" to transform hashes of
    // events=>function references/names to a hash of events=>function references
    normalizeMethods: Marionette.normalizeMethods,
  
    // Get the template for this view
    // instance. You can set a `template` attribute in the view
    // definition or pass a `template: "whatever"` parameter in
    // to the constructor options.
    getTemplate: function(){
      return Marionette.getOption(this, "template");
    },
  
    // Mix in template helper methods. Looks for a
    // `templateHelpers` attribute, which can either be an
    // object literal, or a function that returns an object
    // literal. All methods and attributes from this object
    // are copies to the object passed in.
    mixinTemplateHelpers: function(target){
      target = target || {};
      var templateHelpers = Marionette.getOption(this, "templateHelpers");
      if (_.isFunction(templateHelpers)){
        templateHelpers = templateHelpers.call(this);
      }
      return _.extend(target, templateHelpers);
    },
  
  
    normalizeUIKeys: function(hash) {
      var ui = _.result(this, 'ui');
      return Marionette.normalizeUIKeys(hash, ui);
    },
  
    // Configure `triggers` to forward DOM events to view
    // events. `triggers: {"click .foo": "do:foo"}`
    configureTriggers: function(){
      if (!this.triggers) { return; }
  
      var triggerEvents = {};
  
      // Allow `triggers` to be configured as a function
      var triggers = this.normalizeUIKeys(_.result(this, "triggers"));
  
      // Configure the triggers, prevent default
      // action and stop propagation of DOM events
      _.each(triggers, function(value, key){
  
        var hasOptions = _.isObject(value);
        var eventName = hasOptions ? value.event : value;
  
        // build the event handler function for the DOM event
        triggerEvents[key] = function(e){
  
          // stop the event in its tracks
          if (e) {
            var prevent = e.preventDefault;
            var stop = e.stopPropagation;
  
            var shouldPrevent = hasOptions ? value.preventDefault : prevent;
            var shouldStop = hasOptions ? value.stopPropagation : stop;
  
            if (shouldPrevent && prevent) { prevent.apply(e); }
            if (shouldStop && stop) { stop.apply(e); }
          }
  
          // build the args for the event
          var args = {
            view: this,
            model: this.model,
            collection: this.collection
          };
  
          // trigger the event
          this.triggerMethod(eventName, args);
        };
  
      }, this);
  
      return triggerEvents;
    },
  
    // Overriding Backbone.View's delegateEvents to handle
    // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` configuration
    delegateEvents: function(events){
      this._delegateDOMEvents(events);
      Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
      Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
    },
  
    // internal method to delegate DOM events and triggers
    _delegateDOMEvents: function(events){
      events = events || this.events;
      if (_.isFunction(events)){ events = events.call(this); }
  
      var combinedEvents = {};
  
      // look up if this view has behavior events
      var behaviorEvents = _.result(this, 'behaviorEvents') || {};
      var triggers = this.configureTriggers();
  
      // behavior events will be overriden by view events and or triggers
      _.extend(combinedEvents, behaviorEvents, events, triggers);
  
      Backbone.View.prototype.delegateEvents.call(this, combinedEvents);
    },
  
    // Overriding Backbone.View's undelegateEvents to handle unbinding
    // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` config
    undelegateEvents: function(){
      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
      Backbone.View.prototype.undelegateEvents.apply(this, args);
  
      Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
      Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
    },
  
    // Internal method, handles the `show` event.
    onShowCalled: function(){},
  
    // Default `close` implementation, for removing a view from the
    // DOM and unbinding it. Regions will call this method
    // for you. You can specify an `onClose` method in your view to
    // add custom code that is called after the view is closed.
    close: function(){
      if (this.isClosed) { return; }
  
      var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
  
      // allow the close to be stopped by returning `false`
      // from the `onBeforeClose` method
      var shouldClose = this.triggerMethod.apply(this, ["before:close"].concat(args));
      if (shouldClose === false){
        return;
      }
  
      // mark as closed before doing the actual close, to
      // prevent infinite loops within "close" event handlers
      // that are trying to close other views
      this.isClosed = true;
      this.triggerMethod.apply(this, ["close"].concat(args));
  
      // unbind UI elements
      this.unbindUIElements();
  
      // remove the view from the DOM
      this.remove();
    },
  
    // This method binds the elements specified in the "ui" hash inside the view's code with
    // the associated jQuery selectors.
    bindUIElements: function(){
      if (!this.ui) { return; }
  
      // store the ui hash in _uiBindings so they can be reset later
      // and so re-rendering the view will be able to find the bindings
      if (!this._uiBindings){
        this._uiBindings = this.ui;
      }
  
      // get the bindings result, as a function or otherwise
      var bindings = _.result(this, "_uiBindings");
  
      // empty the ui so we don't have anything to start with
      this.ui = {};
  
      // bind each of the selectors
      _.each(_.keys(bindings), function(key) {
        var selector = bindings[key];
        this.ui[key] = this.$(selector);
      }, this);
    },
  
    // This method unbinds the elements specified in the "ui" hash
    unbindUIElements: function(){
      if (!this.ui || !this._uiBindings){ return; }
  
      // delete all of the existing ui bindings
      _.each(this.ui, function($el, name){
        delete this.ui[name];
      }, this);
  
      // reset the ui element to the original bindings configuration
      this.ui = this._uiBindings;
      delete this._uiBindings;
    }
  });
  
  // Item View
  // ---------
  
  // A single item view implementation that contains code for rendering
  // with underscore.js templates, serializing the view's model or collection,
  // and calling several methods on extended views, such as `onRender`.
  Marionette.ItemView = Marionette.View.extend({
  
    // Setting up the inheritance chain which allows changes to
    // Marionette.View.prototype.constructor which allows overriding
    constructor: function(){
      Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
    },
  
    // Serialize the model or collection for the view. If a model is
    // found, `.toJSON()` is called. If a collection is found, `.toJSON()`
    // is also called, but is used to populate an `items` array in the
    // resulting data. If both are found, defaults to the model.
    // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
    // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
    serializeData: function(){
      var data = {};
  
      if (this.model) {
        data = this.model.toJSON();
      }
      else if (this.collection) {
        data = { items: this.collection.toJSON() };
      }
  
      return data;
    },
  
    // Render the view, defaulting to underscore.js templates.
    // You can override this in your view definition to provide
    // a very specific rendering for your view. In general, though,
    // you should override the `Marionette.Renderer` object to
    // change how Marionette renders views.
    render: function(){
      this.isClosed = false;
  
      this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
      this.triggerMethod("item:before:render", this);
  
      var data = this.serializeData();
      data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);
  
      var template = this.getTemplate();
      var html = Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
  
      this.$el.html(html);
      this.bindUIElements();
  
      this.triggerMethod("render", this);
      this.triggerMethod("item:rendered", this);
  
      return this;
    },
  
    // Override the default close event to add a few
    // more events that are triggered.
    close: function(){
      if (this.isClosed){ return; }
  
      this.triggerMethod('item:before:close');
  
      Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, arguments);
  
      this.triggerMethod('item:closed');
    }
  });
  
  // Collection View
  // ---------------
  
  // A view that iterates over a Backbone.Collection
  // and renders an individual ItemView for each model.
  Marionette.CollectionView = Marionette.View.extend({
    // used as the prefix for item view events
    // that are forwarded through the collectionview
    itemViewEventPrefix: "itemview",
  
    // constructor
    constructor: function(options){
      this._initChildViewStorage();
  
      Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
  
      this._initialEvents();
      this.initRenderBuffer();
    },
  
    // Instead of inserting elements one by one into the page,
    // it's much more performant to insert elements into a document
    // fragment and then insert that document fragment into the page
    initRenderBuffer: function() {
      this.elBuffer = document.createDocumentFragment();
      this._bufferedChildren = [];
    },
  
    startBuffering: function() {
      this.initRenderBuffer();
      this.isBuffering = true;
    },
  
    endBuffering: function() {
      this.isBuffering = false;
      this.appendBuffer(this, this.elBuffer);
      this._triggerShowBufferedChildren();
      this.initRenderBuffer();
    },
  
    _triggerShowBufferedChildren: function () {
      if (this._isShown) {
        _.each(this._bufferedChildren, function (child) {
          if (_.isFunction(child.triggerMethod)) {
            child.triggerMethod('show');
          } else {
            Marionette.triggerMethod.call(child, 'show');
          }
        });
        this._bufferedChildren = [];
      }
    },
  
    // Configured the initial events that the collection view
    // binds to.
    _initialEvents: function(){
      if (this.collection){
        this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView);
        this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView);
        this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this.render);
      }
    },
  
    // Handle a child item added to the collection
    addChildView: function(item, collection, options){
      this.closeEmptyView();
      var ItemView = this.getItemView(item);
      var index = this.collection.indexOf(item);
      this.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
    },
  
    // Override from `Marionette.View` to guarantee the `onShow` method
    // of child views is called.
    onShowCalled: function(){
      this.children.each(function(child){
        if (_.isFunction(child.triggerMethod)) {
          child.triggerMethod('show');
        } else {
          Marionette.triggerMethod.call(child, 'show');
        }
      });
    },
  
    // Internal method to trigger the before render callbacks
    // and events
    triggerBeforeRender: function(){
      this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
      this.triggerMethod("collection:before:render", this);
    },
  
    // Internal method to trigger the rendered callbacks and
    // events
    triggerRendered: function(){
      this.triggerMethod("render", this);
      this.triggerMethod("collection:rendered", this);
    },
  
    // Render the collection of items. Override this method to
    // provide your own implementation of a render function for
    // the collection view.
    render: function(){
      this.isClosed = false;
      this.triggerBeforeRender();
      this._renderChildren();
      this.triggerRendered();
      return this;
    },
  
    // Internal method. Separated so that CompositeView can have
    // more control over events being triggered, around the rendering
    // process
    _renderChildren: function(){
      this.startBuffering();
  
      this.closeEmptyView();
      this.closeChildren();
  
      if (!this.isEmpty(this.collection)) {
        this.showCollection();
      } else {
        this.showEmptyView();
      }
  
      this.endBuffering();
    },
  
    // Internal method to loop through each item in the
    // collection view and show it
    showCollection: function(){
      var ItemView;
      this.collection.each(function(item, index){
        ItemView = this.getItemView(item);
        this.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
      }, this);
    },
  
    // Internal method to show an empty view in place of
    // a collection of item views, when the collection is
    // empty
    showEmptyView: function(){
      var EmptyView = this.getEmptyView();
  
      if (EmptyView && !this._showingEmptyView){
        this._showingEmptyView = true;
        var model = new Backbone.Model();
        this.addItemView(model, EmptyView, 0);
      }
    },
  
    // Internal method to close an existing emptyView instance
    // if one exists. Called when a collection view has been
    // rendered empty, and then an item is added to the collection.
    closeEmptyView: function(){
      if (this._showingEmptyView){
        this.closeChildren();
        delete this._showingEmptyView;
      }
    },
  
    // Retrieve the empty view type
    getEmptyView: function(){
      return Marionette.getOption(this, "emptyView");
    },
  
    // Retrieve the itemView type, either from `this.options.itemView`
    // or from the `itemView` in the object definition. The "options"
    // takes precedence.
    getItemView: function(item){
      var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView");
  
      if (!itemView){
        throwError("An `itemView` must be specified", "NoItemViewError");
      }
  
      return itemView;
    },
  
    // Render the child item's view and add it to the
    // HTML for the collection view.
    addItemView: function(item, ItemView, index){
      // get the itemViewOptions if any were specified
      var itemViewOptions = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewOptions");
      if (_.isFunction(itemViewOptions)){
        itemViewOptions = itemViewOptions.call(this, item, index);
      }
  
      // build the view
      var view = this.buildItemView(item, ItemView, itemViewOptions);
  
      // set up the child view event forwarding
      this.addChildViewEventForwarding(view);
  
      // this view is about to be added
      this.triggerMethod("before:item:added", view);
  
      // Store the child view itself so we can properly
      // remove and/or close it later
      this.children.add(view);
  
      // Render it and show it
      this.renderItemView(view, index);
  
      // call the "show" method if the collection view
      // has already been shown
      if (this._isShown && !this.isBuffering){
        if (_.isFunction(view.triggerMethod)) {
          view.triggerMethod('show');
        } else {
          Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, 'show');
        }
      }
  
      // this view was added
      this.triggerMethod("after:item:added", view);
  
      return view;
    },
  
    // Set up the child view event forwarding. Uses an "itemview:"
    // prefix in front of all forwarded events.
    addChildViewEventForwarding: function(view){
      var prefix = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewEventPrefix");
  
      // Forward all child item view events through the parent,
      // prepending "itemview:" to the event name
      this.listenTo(view, "all", function(){
        var args = slice.call(arguments);
        var rootEvent = args[0];
        var itemEvents = this.normalizeMethods(this.getItemEvents());
  
        args[0] = prefix + ":" + rootEvent;
        args.splice(1, 0, view);
  
        // call collectionView itemEvent if defined
        if (typeof itemEvents !== "undefined" && _.isFunction(itemEvents[rootEvent])) {
          itemEvents[rootEvent].apply(this, args);
        }
  
        Marionette.triggerMethod.apply(this, args);
      }, this);
    },
  
    // returns the value of itemEvents depending on if a function
    getItemEvents: function() {
      if (_.isFunction(this.itemEvents)) {
        return this.itemEvents.call(this);
      }
  
      return this.itemEvents;
    },
  
    // render the item view
    renderItemView: function(view, index) {
      view.render();
      this.appendHtml(this, view, index);
    },
  
    // Build an `itemView` for every model in the collection.
    buildItemView: function(item, ItemViewType, itemViewOptions){
      var options = _.extend({model: item}, itemViewOptions);
      return new ItemViewType(options);
    },
  
    // get the child view by item it holds, and remove it
    removeItemView: function(item){
      var view = this.children.findByModel(item);
      this.removeChildView(view);
      this.checkEmpty();
    },
  
    // Remove the child view and close it
    removeChildView: function(view){
  
      // shut down the child view properly,
      // including events that the collection has from it
      if (view){
        // call 'close' or 'remove', depending on which is found
        if (view.close) { view.close(); }
        else if (view.remove) { view.remove(); }
  
        this.stopListening(view);
        this.children.remove(view);
      }
  
      this.triggerMethod("item:removed", view);
    },
  
    // helper to check if the collection is empty
    isEmpty: function(collection){
      // check if we're empty now
      return !this.collection || this.collection.length === 0;
    },
  
    // If empty, show the empty view
    checkEmpty: function (){
      if (this.isEmpty(this.collection)){
        this.showEmptyView();
      }
    },
  
    // You might need to override this if you've overridden appendHtml
    appendBuffer: function(collectionView, buffer) {
      collectionView.$el.append(buffer);
    },
  
    // Append the HTML to the collection's `el`.
    // Override this method to do something other
    // than `.append`.
    appendHtml: function(collectionView, itemView, index){
      if (collectionView.isBuffering) {
        // buffering happens on reset events and initial renders
        // in order to reduce the number of inserts into the
        // document, which are expensive.
        collectionView.elBuffer.appendChild(itemView.el);
        collectionView._bufferedChildren.push(itemView);
      }
      else {
        // If we've already rendered the main collection, just
        // append the new items directly into the element.
        collectionView.$el.append(itemView.el);
      }
    },
  
    // Internal method to set up the `children` object for
    // storing all of the child views
    _initChildViewStorage: function(){
      this.children = new Backbone.ChildViewContainer();
    },
  
    // Handle cleanup and other closing needs for
    // the collection of views.
    close: function(){
      if (this.isClosed){ return; }
  
      this.triggerMethod("collection:before:close");
      this.closeChildren();
      this.triggerMethod("collection:closed");
  
      Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, arguments);
    },
  
    // Close the child views that this collection view
    // is holding on to, if any
    closeChildren: function(){
      this.children.each(function(child){
        this.removeChildView(child);
      }, this);
      this.checkEmpty();
    }
  });
  
  // Composite View
  // --------------
  
  // Used for rendering a branch-leaf, hierarchical structure.
  // Extends directly from CollectionView and also renders an
  // an item view as `modelView`, for the top leaf
  Marionette.CompositeView = Marionette.CollectionView.extend({
  
    // Setting up the inheritance chain which allows changes to
    // Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.constructor which allows overriding
    constructor: function(){
      Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
    },
  
    // Configured the initial events that the composite view
    // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
    // events, or to add your own initial events.
    _initialEvents: function(){
  
      // Bind only after composite view is rendered to avoid adding child views
      // to nonexistent itemViewContainer
      this.once('render', function () {
        if (this.collection){
          this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView);
          this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView);
          this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this._renderChildren);
        }
      });
  
    },
  
    // Retrieve the `itemView` to be used when rendering each of
    // the items in the collection. The default is to return
    // `this.itemView` or Marionette.CompositeView if no `itemView`
    // has been defined
    getItemView: function(item){
      var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView") || this.constructor;
  
      if (!itemView){
        throwError("An `itemView` must be specified", "NoItemViewError");
      }
  
      return itemView;
    },
  
    // Serialize the collection for the view.
    // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
    // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
    serializeData: function(){
      var data = {};
  
      if (this.model){
        data = this.model.toJSON();
      }
  
      return data;
    },
  
    // Renders the model once, and the collection once. Calling
    // this again will tell the model's view to re-render itself
    // but the collection will not re-render.
    render: function(){
      this.isRendered = true;
      this.isClosed = false;
      this.resetItemViewContainer();
  
      this.triggerBeforeRender();
      var html = this.renderModel();
      this.$el.html(html);
      // the ui bindings is done here and not at the end of render since they
      // will not be available until after the model is rendered, but should be
      // available before the collection is rendered.
      this.bindUIElements();
      this.triggerMethod("composite:model:rendered");
  
      this._renderChildren();
  
      this.triggerMethod("composite:rendered");
      this.triggerRendered();
      return this;
    },
  
    _renderChildren: function(){
      if (this.isRendered){
        this.triggerMethod("composite:collection:before:render");
        Marionette.CollectionView.prototype._renderChildren.call(this);
        this.triggerMethod("composite:collection:rendered");
      }
    },
  
    // Render an individual model, if we have one, as
    // part of a composite view (branch / leaf). For example:
    // a treeview.
    renderModel: function(){
      var data = {};
      data = this.serializeData();
      data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);
  
      var template = this.getTemplate();
      return Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
    },
  
  
    // You might need to override this if you've overridden appendHtml
    appendBuffer: function(compositeView, buffer) {
      var $container = this.getItemViewContainer(compositeView);
      $container.append(buffer);
    },
  
    // Appends the `el` of itemView instances to the specified
    // `itemViewContainer` (a jQuery selector). Override this method to
    // provide custom logic of how the child item view instances have their
    // HTML appended to the composite view instance.
    appendHtml: function(compositeView, itemView, index){
      if (compositeView.isBuffering) {
        compositeView.elBuffer.appendChild(itemView.el);
        compositeView._bufferedChildren.push(itemView);
      }
      else {
        // If we've already rendered the main collection, just
        // append the new items directly into the element.
        var $container = this.getItemViewContainer(compositeView);
        $container.append(itemView.el);
      }
    },
  
    // Internal method to ensure an `$itemViewContainer` exists, for the
    // `appendHtml` method to use.
    getItemViewContainer: function(containerView){
      if ("$itemViewContainer" in containerView){
        return containerView.$itemViewContainer;
      }
  
      var container;
      var itemViewContainer = Marionette.getOption(containerView, "itemViewContainer");
      if (itemViewContainer){
  
        var selector = _.isFunction(itemViewContainer) ? itemViewContainer.call(containerView) : itemViewContainer;
  
        if (selector.charAt(0) === "@" && containerView.ui) {
          container = containerView.ui[selector.substr(4)];
        } else {
          container = containerView.$(selector);
        }
  
        if (container.length <= 0) {
          throwError("The specified `itemViewContainer` was not found: " + containerView.itemViewContainer, "ItemViewContainerMissingError");
        }
  
      } else {
        container = containerView.$el;
      }
  
      containerView.$itemViewContainer = container;
      return container;
    },
  
    // Internal method to reset the `$itemViewContainer` on render
    resetItemViewContainer: function(){
      if (this.$itemViewContainer){
        delete this.$itemViewContainer;
      }
    }
  });
  
  // Layout
  // ------
  
  // Used for managing application layouts, nested layouts and
  // multiple regions within an application or sub-application.
  //
  // A specialized view type that renders an area of HTML and then
  // attaches `Region` instances to the specified `regions`.
  // Used for composite view management and sub-application areas.
  Marionette.Layout = Marionette.ItemView.extend({
    regionType: Marionette.Region,
  
    // Ensure the regions are available when the `initialize` method
    // is called.
    constructor: function (options) {
      options = options || {};
  
      this._firstRender = true;
      this._initializeRegions(options);
  
      Marionette.ItemView.prototype.constructor.call(this, options);
    },
  
    // Layout's render will use the existing region objects the
    // first time it is called. Subsequent calls will close the
    // views that the regions are showing and then reset the `el`
    // for the regions to the newly rendered DOM elements.
    render: function(){
  
      if (this.isClosed){
        // a previously closed layout means we need to
        // completely re-initialize the regions
        this._initializeRegions();
      }
      if (this._firstRender) {
        // if this is the first render, don't do anything to
        // reset the regions
        this._firstRender = false;
      } else if (!this.isClosed){
        // If this is not the first render call, then we need to
        // re-initializing the `el` for each region
        this._reInitializeRegions();
      }
  
      return Marionette.ItemView.prototype.render.apply(this, arguments);
    },
  
    // Handle closing regions, and then close the view itself.
    close: function () {
      if (this.isClosed){ return; }
      this.regionManager.close();
      Marionette.ItemView.prototype.close.apply(this, arguments);
    },
  
    // Add a single region, by name, to the layout
    addRegion: function(name, definition){
      var regions = {};
      regions[name] = definition;
      return this._buildRegions(regions)[name];
    },
  
    // Add multiple regions as a {name: definition, name2: def2} object literal
    addRegions: function(regions){
      this.regions = _.extend({}, this.regions, regions);
      return this._buildRegions(regions);
    },
  
    // Remove a single region from the Layout, by name
    removeRegion: function(name){
      delete this.regions[name];
      return this.regionManager.removeRegion(name);
    },
  
    // Provides alternative access to regions
    // Accepts the region name
    // getRegion('main')
    getRegion: function(region) {
      return this.regionManager.get(region);
    },
  
    // internal method to build regions
    _buildRegions: function(regions){
      var that = this;
  
      var defaults = {
        regionType: Marionette.getOption(this, "regionType"),
        parentEl: function(){ return that.$el; }
      };
  
      return this.regionManager.addRegions(regions, defaults);
    },
  
    // Internal method to initialize the regions that have been defined in a
    // `regions` attribute on this layout.
    _initializeRegions: function (options) {
      var regions;
      this._initRegionManager();
  
      if (_.isFunction(this.regions)) {
        regions = this.regions(options);
      } else {
        regions = this.regions || {};
      }
  
      this.addRegions(regions);
    },
  
    // Internal method to re-initialize all of the regions by updating the `el` that
    // they point to
    _reInitializeRegions: function(){
      this.regionManager.closeRegions();
      this.regionManager.each(function(region){
        region.reset();
      });
    },
  
    // Internal method to initialize the region manager
    // and all regions in it
    _initRegionManager: function(){
      this.regionManager = new Marionette.RegionManager();
  
      this.listenTo(this.regionManager, "region:add", function(name, region){
        this[name] = region;
        this.trigger("region:add", name, region);
      });
  
      this.listenTo(this.regionManager, "region:remove", function(name, region){
        delete this[name];
        this.trigger("region:remove", name, region);
      });
    }
  });
  
  
  // Behavior
  // -----------
  
  // A Behavior is an isolated set of DOM /
  // user interactions that can be mixed into any View.
  // Behaviors allow you to blackbox View specific interactions
  // into portable logical chunks, keeping your views simple and your code DRY.
  
  Marionette.Behavior = (function(_, Backbone){
    function Behavior(options, view){
      // Setup reference to the view.
      // this comes in handle when a behavior
      // wants to directly talk up the chain
      // to the view.
      this.view = view;
      this.defaults = _.result(this, "defaults") || {};
      this.options  = _.extend({}, this.defaults, options);
  
      // proxy behavior $ method to the view
      // this is useful for doing jquery DOM lookups
      // scoped to behaviors view.
      this.$ = function() {
        return this.view.$.apply(this.view, arguments);
      };
  
      // Call the initialize method passing
      // the arguments from the instance constructor
      this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    }
  
    _.extend(Behavior.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
      initialize: function(){},
  
      // stopListening to behavior `onListen` events.
      close: function() {
        this.stopListening();
      },
  
      // Setup class level proxy for triggerMethod.
      triggerMethod: Marionette.triggerMethod
    });
  
    // Borrow Backbones extend implementation
    // this allows us to setup a proper
    // inheritence pattern that follow in suite
    // with the rest of Marionette views.
    Behavior.extend = Marionette.extend;
  
    return Behavior;
  })(_, Backbone);
  
  // Marionette.Behaviors
  // --------
  
  // Behaviors is a utility class that takes care of
  // glueing your behavior instances to their given View.
  // The most important part of this class is that you
  // **MUST** override the class level behaviorsLookup
  // method for things to work properly.
  
  Marionette.Behaviors = (function(Marionette, _) {
  
    function Behaviors(view) {
      // Behaviors defined on a view can be a flat object literal
      // or it can be a function that returns an object.
      this.behaviors = Behaviors.parseBehaviors(view, _.result(view, 'behaviors'));
  
      // Wraps several of the view's methods
      // calling the methods first on each behavior
      // and then eventually calling the method on the view.
      Behaviors.wrap(view, this.behaviors, [
        'bindUIElements', 'unbindUIElements',
        'delegateEvents', 'undelegateEvents',
        'behaviorEvents', 'triggerMethod',
        'setElement', 'close'
      ]);
    }
  
    var methods = {
      setElement: function(setElement, behaviors) {
        setElement.apply(this, _.tail(arguments, 2));
  
        // proxy behavior $el to the view's $el.
        // This is needed because a view's $el proxy
        // is not set until after setElement is called.
        _.each(behaviors, function(b) {
          b.$el = this.$el;
        }, this);
      },
  
      close: function(close, behaviors) {
        var args = _.tail(arguments, 2);
        close.apply(this, args);
  
        // Call close on each behavior after
        // closing down the view.
        // This unbinds event listeners
        // that behaviors have registerd for.
        _.invoke(behaviors, 'close', args);
      },
  
      bindUIElements: function(bindUIElements, behaviors) {
        bindUIElements.apply(this);
        _.invoke(behaviors, bindUIElements);
      },
  
      unbindUIElements: function(unbindUIElements, behaviors) {
        unbindUIElements.apply(this);
        _.invoke(behaviors, unbindUIElements);
      },
  
      triggerMethod: function(triggerMethod, behaviors) {
        var args = _.tail(arguments, 2);
        triggerMethod.apply(this, args);
  
        _.each(behaviors, function(b) {
          triggerMethod.apply(b, args);
        });
      },
  
      delegateEvents: function(delegateEvents, behaviors) {
        var args = _.tail(arguments, 2);
        delegateEvents.apply(this, args);
  
        _.each(behaviors, function(b){
          Marionette.bindEntityEvents(b, this.model, Marionette.getOption(b, "modelEvents"));
          Marionette.bindEntityEvents(b, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(b, "collectionEvents"));
        }, this);
      },
  
      undelegateEvents: function(undelegateEvents, behaviors) {
        var args = _.tail(arguments, 2);
        undelegateEvents.apply(this, args);
  
        _.each(behaviors, function(b) {
          Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(b, this.model, Marionette.getOption(b, "modelEvents"));
          Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(b, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(b, "collectionEvents"));
        }, this);
      },
  
      behaviorEvents: function(behaviorEvents, behaviors) {
        var _behaviorsEvents = {};
        var viewUI = _.result(this, 'ui');
  
        _.each(behaviors, function(b, i) {
          var _events = {};
          var behaviorEvents = _.clone(_.result(b, 'events')) || {};
          var behaviorUI = _.result(b, 'ui');
  
          // Construct an internal UI hash first using
          // the views UI hash and then the behaviors UI hash.
          // This allows the user to use UI hash elements
          // defined in the parent view as well as those
          // defined in the given behavior.
          var ui = _.extend({}, viewUI, behaviorUI);
  
          // Normalize behavior events hash to allow
          // a user to use the @ui. syntax.
          behaviorEvents = Marionette.normalizeUIKeys(behaviorEvents, ui);
  
          _.each(_.keys(behaviorEvents), function(key) {
            // append white-space at the end of each key to prevent behavior key collisions
            // this is relying on the fact backbone events considers "click .foo" the same  "click .foo "
            // starts with an array of two so the first behavior has one space
  
            // +2 is uses becauce new Array(1) or 0 is "" and not " "
            var whitespace = (new Array(i+2)).join(" ");
            var eventKey   = key + whitespace;
            var handler    = _.isFunction(behaviorEvents[key]) ? behaviorEvents[key] : b[behaviorEvents[key]];
  
            _events[eventKey] = _.bind(handler, b);
          });
  
          _behaviorsEvents = _.extend(_behaviorsEvents, _events);
        });
  
        return _behaviorsEvents;
      }
    };
  
    _.extend(Behaviors, {
  
      // placeholder method to be extended by the user
      // should define the object that stores the behaviors
      // i.e.
      //
      // Marionette.Behaviors.behaviorsLookup: function() {
      //   return App.Behaviors
      // }
      behaviorsLookup: function() {
        throw new Error("You must define where your behaviors are stored. See https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.marionette/blob/master/docs/marionette.behaviors.md#behaviorslookup");
      },
  
      // Takes care of getting the behavior class
      // given options and a key.
      // If a user passes in options.behaviorClass
      // default to using that. Otherwise delegate
      // the lookup to the users behaviorsLookup implementation.
      getBehaviorClass: function(options, key) {
        if (options.behaviorClass) {
          return options.behaviorClass;
        }
  
        // Get behavior class can be either a flat object or a method
        return _.isFunction(Behaviors.behaviorsLookup) ? Behaviors.behaviorsLookup.apply(this, arguments)[key] : Behaviors.behaviorsLookup[key];
      },
  
      // Maps over a view's behaviors. Performing
      // a lookup on each behavior and the instantiating
      // said behavior passing its options and view.
      parseBehaviors: function(view, behaviors){
        return _.map(behaviors, function(options, key){
          var BehaviorClass = Behaviors.getBehaviorClass(options, key);
          return new BehaviorClass(options, view);
        });
      },
  
      // wrap view internal methods so that they delegate to behaviors.
      // For example, onClose should trigger close on all of the behaviors and then close itself.
      // i.e.
      //
      // view.delegateEvents = _.partial(methods.delegateEvents, view.delegateEvents, behaviors);
      wrap: function(view, behaviors, methodNames) {
        _.each(methodNames, function(methodName) {
          view[methodName] = _.partial(methods[methodName], view[methodName], behaviors);
        });
      }
    });
  
    return Behaviors;
  
  })(Marionette, _);
  
  
  // AppRouter
  // ---------
  
  // Reduce the boilerplate code of handling route events
  // and then calling a single method on another object.
  // Have your routers configured to call the method on
  // your object, directly.
  //
  // Configure an AppRouter with `appRoutes`.
  //
  // App routers can only take one `controller` object.
  // It is recommended that you divide your controller
  // objects in to smaller pieces of related functionality
  // and have multiple routers / controllers, instead of
  // just one giant router and controller.
  //
  // You can also add standard routes to an AppRouter.
  
  Marionette.AppRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({
  
    constructor: function(options){
      Backbone.Router.prototype.constructor.apply(this, arguments);
  
      this.options = options || {};
  
      var appRoutes = Marionette.getOption(this, "appRoutes");
      var controller = this._getController();
      this.processAppRoutes(controller, appRoutes);
      this.on("route", this._processOnRoute, this);
    },
  
    // Similar to route method on a Backbone Router but
    // method is called on the controller
    appRoute: function(route, methodName) {
      var controller = this._getController();
      this._addAppRoute(controller, route, methodName);
    },
  
    // process the route event and trigger the onRoute
    // method call, if it exists
    _processOnRoute: function(routeName, routeArgs){
      // find the path that matched
      var routePath = _.invert(this.appRoutes)[routeName];
  
      // make sure an onRoute is there, and call it
      if (_.isFunction(this.onRoute)){
        this.onRoute(routeName, routePath, routeArgs);
      }
    },
  
    // Internal method to process the `appRoutes` for the
    // router, and turn them in to routes that trigger the
    // specified method on the specified `controller`.
    processAppRoutes: function(controller, appRoutes) {
      if (!appRoutes){ return; }
  
      var routeNames = _.keys(appRoutes).reverse(); // Backbone requires reverted order of routes
  
      _.each(routeNames, function(route) {
        this._addAppRoute(controller, route, appRoutes[route]);
      }, this);
    },
  
    _getController: function(){
      return Marionette.getOption(this, "controller");
    },
  
    _addAppRoute: function(controller, route, methodName){
      var method = controller[methodName];
  
      if (!method) {
        throwError("Method '" + methodName + "' was not found on the controller");
      }
  
      this.route(route, methodName, _.bind(method, controller));
    }
  });
  
  // Application
  // -----------
  
  // Contain and manage the composite application as a whole.
  // Stores and starts up `Region` objects, includes an
  // event aggregator as `app.vent`
  Marionette.Application = function(options){
    this._initRegionManager();
    this._initCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
    this.vent = new Backbone.Wreqr.EventAggregator();
    this.commands = new Backbone.Wreqr.Commands();
    this.reqres = new Backbone.Wreqr.RequestResponse();
    this.submodules = {};
  
    _.extend(this, options);
  
    this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
  };
  
  _.extend(Marionette.Application.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
    // Command execution, facilitated by Backbone.Wreqr.Commands
    execute: function(){
      this.commands.execute.apply(this.commands, arguments);
    },
  
    // Request/response, facilitated by Backbone.Wreqr.RequestResponse
    request: function(){
      return this.reqres.request.apply(this.reqres, arguments);
    },
  
    // Add an initializer that is either run at when the `start`
    // method is called, or run immediately if added after `start`
    // has already been called.
    addInitializer: function(initializer){
      this._initCallbacks.add(initializer);
    },
  
    // kick off all of the application's processes.
    // initializes all of the regions that have been added
    // to the app, and runs all of the initializer functions
    start: function(options){
      this.triggerMethod("initialize:before", options);
      this._initCallbacks.run(options, this);
      this.triggerMethod("initialize:after", options);
  
      this.triggerMethod("start", options);
    },
  
    // Add regions to your app.
    // Accepts a hash of named strings or Region objects
    // addRegions({something: "#someRegion"})
    // addRegions({something: Region.extend({el: "#someRegion"}) });
    addRegions: function(regions){
      return this._regionManager.addRegions(regions);
    },
  
    // Close all regions in the app, without removing them
    closeRegions: function(){
      this._regionManager.closeRegions();
    },
  
    // Removes a region from your app, by name
    // Accepts the regions name
    // removeRegion('myRegion')
    removeRegion: function(region) {
      this._regionManager.removeRegion(region);
    },
  
    // Provides alternative access to regions
    // Accepts the region name
    // getRegion('main')
    getRegion: function(region) {
      return this._regionManager.get(region);
    },
  
    // Create a module, attached to the application
    module: function(moduleNames, moduleDefinition){
  
      // Overwrite the module class if the user specifies one
      var ModuleClass = Marionette.Module.getClass(moduleDefinition);
  
      // slice the args, and add this application object as the
      // first argument of the array
      var args = slice.call(arguments);
      args.unshift(this);
  
      // see the Marionette.Module object for more information
      return ModuleClass.create.apply(ModuleClass, args);
    },
  
    // Internal method to set up the region manager
    _initRegionManager: function(){
      this._regionManager = new Marionette.RegionManager();
  
      this.listenTo(this._regionManager, "region:add", function(name, region){
        this[name] = region;
      });
  
      this.listenTo(this._regionManager, "region:remove", function(name, region){
        delete this[name];
      });
    }
  });
  
  // Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
  Marionette.Application.extend = Marionette.extend;
  
  // Module
  // ------
  
  // A simple module system, used to create privacy and encapsulation in
  // Marionette applications
  Marionette.Module = function(moduleName, app, options){
    this.moduleName = moduleName;
    this.options = _.extend({}, this.options, options);
    // Allow for a user to overide the initialize
    // for a given module instance.
    this.initialize = options.initialize || this.initialize;
  
    // Set up an internal store for sub-modules.
    this.submodules = {};
  
    this._setupInitializersAndFinalizers();
  
    // Set an internal reference to the app
    // within a module.
    this.app = app;
  
    // By default modules start with their parents.
    this.startWithParent = true;
  
    // Setup a proxy to the trigger method implementation.
    this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
  
    if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)){
      this.initialize(this.options, moduleName, app);
    }
  };
  
  Marionette.Module.extend = Marionette.extend;
  
  // Extend the Module prototype with events / listenTo, so that the module
  // can be used as an event aggregator or pub/sub.
  _.extend(Marionette.Module.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
  
    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic when extending Marionette.Module.
    initialize: function(){},
  
    // Initializer for a specific module. Initializers are run when the
    // module's `start` method is called.
    addInitializer: function(callback){
      this._initializerCallbacks.add(callback);
    },
  
    // Finalizers are run when a module is stopped. They are used to teardown
    // and finalize any variables, references, events and other code that the
    // module had set up.
    addFinalizer: function(callback){
      this._finalizerCallbacks.add(callback);
    },
  
    // Start the module, and run all of its initializers
    start: function(options){
      // Prevent re-starting a module that is already started
      if (this._isInitialized){ return; }
  
      // start the sub-modules (depth-first hierarchy)
      _.each(this.submodules, function(mod){
        // check to see if we should start the sub-module with this parent
        if (mod.startWithParent){
          mod.start(options);
        }
      });
  
      // run the callbacks to "start" the current module
      this.triggerMethod("before:start", options);
  
      this._initializerCallbacks.run(options, this);
      this._isInitialized = true;
  
      this.triggerMethod("start", options);
    },
  
    // Stop this module by running its finalizers and then stop all of
    // the sub-modules for this module
    stop: function(){
      // if we are not initialized, don't bother finalizing
      if (!this._isInitialized){ return; }
      this._isInitialized = false;
  
      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "before:stop");
  
      // stop the sub-modules; depth-first, to make sure the
      // sub-modules are stopped / finalized before parents
      _.each(this.submodules, function(mod){ mod.stop(); });
  
      // run the finalizers
      this._finalizerCallbacks.run(undefined,this);
  
      // reset the initializers and finalizers
      this._initializerCallbacks.reset();
      this._finalizerCallbacks.reset();
  
      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "stop");
    },
  
    // Configure the module with a definition function and any custom args
    // that are to be passed in to the definition function
    addDefinition: function(moduleDefinition, customArgs){
      this._runModuleDefinition(moduleDefinition, customArgs);
    },
  
    // Internal method: run the module definition function with the correct
    // arguments
    _runModuleDefinition: function(definition, customArgs){
      // If there is no definition short circut the method.
      if (!definition){ return; }
  
      // build the correct list of arguments for the module definition
      var args = _.flatten([
        this,
        this.app,
        Backbone,
        Marionette,
        Marionette.$, _,
        customArgs
      ]);
  
      definition.apply(this, args);
    },
  
    // Internal method: set up new copies of initializers and finalizers.
    // Calling this method will wipe out all existing initializers and
    // finalizers.
    _setupInitializersAndFinalizers: function(){
      this._initializerCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
      this._finalizerCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
    }
  });
  
  // Type methods to create modules
  _.extend(Marionette.Module, {
  
    // Create a module, hanging off the app parameter as the parent object.
    create: function(app, moduleNames, moduleDefinition){
      var module = app;
  
      // get the custom args passed in after the module definition and
      // get rid of the module name and definition function
      var customArgs = slice.call(arguments);
      customArgs.splice(0, 3);
  
      // Split the module names and get the number of submodules.
      // i.e. an example module name of `Doge.Wow.Amaze` would
      // then have the potential for 3 module definitions.
      moduleNames = moduleNames.split(".");
      var length = moduleNames.length;
  
      // store the module definition for the last module in the chain
      var moduleDefinitions = [];
      moduleDefinitions[length-1] = moduleDefinition;
  
      // Loop through all the parts of the module definition
      _.each(moduleNames, function(moduleName, i){
        var parentModule = module;
        module = this._getModule(parentModule, moduleName, app, moduleDefinition);
        this._addModuleDefinition(parentModule, module, moduleDefinitions[i], customArgs);
      }, this);
  
      // Return the last module in the definition chain
      return module;
    },
  
    _getModule: function(parentModule, moduleName, app, def, args){
      var options = _.extend({}, def);
      var ModuleClass = this.getClass(def);
  
      // Get an existing module of this name if we have one
      var module = parentModule[moduleName];
  
      if (!module){
        // Create a new module if we don't have one
        module = new ModuleClass(moduleName, app, options);
        parentModule[moduleName] = module;
        // store the module on the parent
        parentModule.submodules[moduleName] = module;
      }
  
      return module;
    },
  
    // ## Module Classes
    //
    // Module classes can be used as an alternative to the define pattern.
    // The extend function of a Module is identical to the extend functions
    // on other Backbone and Marionette classes.
    // This allows module lifecyle events like `onStart` and `onStop` to be called directly.
    getClass: function(moduleDefinition) {
      var ModuleClass = Marionette.Module;
  
      if (!moduleDefinition) {
        return ModuleClass;
      }
  
      // If all of the module's functionality is defined inside its class,
      // then the class can be passed in directly. `MyApp.module("Foo", FooModule)`.
      if (moduleDefinition.prototype instanceof ModuleClass) {
        return moduleDefinition;
      }
  
      return moduleDefinition.moduleClass || ModuleClass;
    },
  
    // Add the module definition and add a startWithParent initializer function.
    // This is complicated because module definitions are heavily overloaded
    // and support an anonymous function, module class, or options object
    _addModuleDefinition: function(parentModule, module, def, args){
      var fn = this._getDefine(def);
      var startWithParent = this._getStartWithParent(def, module);
  
      if (fn){
        module.addDefinition(fn, args);
      }
  
      this._addStartWithParent(parentModule, module, startWithParent);
    },
  
    _getStartWithParent: function(def, module) {
      var swp;
  
      if (_.isFunction(def) && (def.prototype instanceof Marionette.Module)) {
        swp = module.constructor.prototype.startWithParent;
        return _.isUndefined(swp) ? true : swp;
      }
  
      if (_.isObject(def)){
        swp = def.startWithParent;
        return _.isUndefined(swp) ? true : swp;
      }
  
      return true;
    },
  
    _getDefine: function(def) {
      if (_.isFunction(def) && !(def.prototype instanceof Marionette.Module)) {
        return def;
      }
  
      if (_.isObject(def)){
        return def.define;
      }
  
      return null;
    },
  
    _addStartWithParent: function(parentModule, module, startWithParent) {
      module.startWithParent = module.startWithParent && startWithParent;
  
      if (!module.startWithParent || !!module.startWithParentIsConfigured){
        return;
      }
  
      module.startWithParentIsConfigured = true;
  
      parentModule.addInitializer(function(options){
        if (module.startWithParent){
          module.start(options);
        }
      });
    }
  });
  
  
    return Marionette;
  })(this, Backbone, _);
  
  return Backbone.Marionette;

}));
